Criminal Justice Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice Agency - Essay Example It shall also discuss the role of the lawyer in assisting victims of crime or individuals who have been charged or convicted with crime. Keywords: Federal Public Defender, lawyer, attorney, criminal justice agency, lawyering Federal Public Defender Organization I. Introduction â€Å"The Federal Public Defender is appointed by the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals to serve a term of four years. All employees of the Federal Public Defender are employed by the judicial branch of the U.S. Government. The Office of the Federal Public Defender for the Central District of California is the largest federal public defender agency in the United States. The Central District of California covers seven counties which include Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, with a population of over 19 million people. They have offices located in Los Angeles, Santa Ana and Riverside. The main office is located in the Little Tokyo sectio n of downtown Los Angeles with branch offices in Riverside and Santa Ana California. The office has over 240 employees, including 92 attorneys, 26 paralegals, 38 investigators and more than 85 supporting staff members. The Office supports two units namely, the Trial Unit and the Capital Habeas Unit. The attorneys in our Trial Unit are appointed by the court to represent those persons charged with federal offenses who cannot afford to retain their own attorney† (Federal Public). Significance of the Agency I chose the office of the Federal Public Defender because I believe in their cause. They help out poor and indigent individuals who cannot afford the services of a lawyer. They represent people who are wrongly charged for offenses that they did not commit, or victims of crime. I have a high regard for lawyers who fight for the causes of the clients even if they do not earn much profit from practicing the profession. I want to contribute in improving the criminal justice system of our country by helping these individuals who are deprived of good legal services. There should be no distinction or discrimination between paying clients and non-paying clients. This is in consonance to the equal protection clause by upholding every person’s right to a counsel. I have a high regard for the objective of this organization in â€Å"ensuring equal justice for all†. Qualifications â€Å"A Federal Public Defender Organization shall consist of one or more full-time salaried attorneys. The Organization shall be supervised by a Federal Public Defender appointed by the Court of Appeals of the Circuit, after receiving recommendations from the district court or courts to be served. The Federal Public Defender shall be appointed for a term of four (4) years, unless removed by the court of appeals for incompetency, misconduct in his office until his successor is appointed, or until one year after expiration of such defender’s term, whichever is earlierâ €  (United States Code, 2006). â€Å"The compensation of the Federal Public Defender shall be fixed by the court of appeals of the circuit at a rate not to exceed the compensation received by the United States attorney for the district where representation is furnished, or if two

The Telangana Rebellion Essay Example for Free

The Telangana Rebellion Essay The Telangana Rebellion was a  peasant revolt  which was later supported by the  Communists. It took place in the former  princely state  of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951. This was led by the  Communist Party of India. [5] The revolt began in the  Nalgonda district  and quickly spread to the  Warangal  and  Bidar  districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local  feudal  landlords (jagirdars  and  deshmukhs) and later against the  Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII. The initial aims were to do away with illegal and excessive exploitation meted out by these feudal lords in the name of  bonded labour  (Vetti Chakiri). The most strident demand was for all debts of the peasants to be written off. [6][7] Among the well-known individuals at the forefront of the movement were leaders like  Anabheri Prabhakar Rao, Bathini Mogilaiah Goud,  Doddi Komraiah,  Bandi Yadagiri,  Suddala Hanumanthu,  Acharya Konda Lakshman Bapuji,  Chakalli Iylamma,Komaram Bheem,  Puchalapalli Sundaraiah,  Makineni Basavapunaiah,  Chandra Rajeswara Rao,  Raavi Narayana Reddy, Bommagani Dharma Biksham,Arjula Ramana Reddy, the  Urdu  poet  Makhdoom Mohiuddin,  Hassan Nasir,  Bhimreddy Narasimha Reddy,  Mallu Venkata Narasimha Reddy,  Mallu Swarajyam,  Arutla Ramchandra Reddy  and his wife  Arutla Kamala Bai. The violent phase of the movement ended after the central government sent in the army. Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the constraints of Indian democracy. [10] In 1937,  Time magazine  said  Hyderabad state  was the richest native state in India. Budget allocations to Telangana are generally less than 1/3 of the total Andhra Pradesh budget. There are allegations that in most years, funds allocated to Telangana were never spent. Telangana JAC leaders say that only 20% of the total Government employees, less than 10% of employees in the secretariat, and less than 5% of department heads in the Andhra Pradesh government are from Telangana.None of these allegations were proved wrong by the  Sri Krishna Committee  due to lack of data, and its choice to compare regions. Proponents of a separate Telangana state feel that the agreements, plans, and assurances from the legislature and Lok Sabha over the last fifty years have not been honoured, and as a consequence Telangana has remained neglected, exploited, and backward. They feel that separation is the best solution. Srikrishna Committee report The Srikrishna committee on Telangana submitted its report in two volumes to the Home Ministry of India on 30 December 2010. In an all-party meeting on 6 January 2011, the Home ministry made the 505-page Srikrishna committee report public. Section 9-3 (page 440) of the report[69]discusses six solutions. The Committee announced that they were recommending keeping the State united, and advised constitutional and statutory measures for socio-economic development and political empowerment of Telangana region through the creation of a statutorily-empowered Telangana Regional Council. Telangana leaders say the best option from the Sri Krishna committee report is the formation of separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital. They plan to pressure the Central government to zero in on this option as the only workable one. The MP also lashed out at Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) President K Chandrasekhar Rao, and alleged that KCR was misusing the Telangana sentiment to get all prominent posts for his family members and people belonging to the upper caste. In the name of Telangana, KCR and his family members joined the Congress party and occupied all posts without giving a chance to weaker sections, The  2G spectrum scam  involved officials in the government of India illegally undercharging  mobile telephony  companies for  frequency allocation  licenses, which they would use to create  2G  subscriptions for  cell phones. According to a report submitted by the  Comptroller and Auditor Generalbased on money collected from  2G  licenses, the loss to the exchequer was  176,379  crore  (US$38. 27 billion). The issuing of the 2G licenses occurred in 2008, but the scam came to public notice when the  Indian Income Tax Department  investigated political lobbyist  Niira Radia  and the  Supreme Court of India  took  Subramaniam Swamys complaints on record ? 2G licenses issued to private telecom players at throwaway prices in 2008 ? CAG: Spectrum scam has cost the government  Rs. 1. 76 lakh crore ? CAG: Rules and procedures flouted while issuing licenses CHEAP TELECOM LICENSES *   Entry fee for spectrum licenses in 2008 pegged at 2001 prices *   Mobile subscriber base had shot up to 350 million in 2008 from 4 million in 2001 NO PROCEDURES FOLLOWED * Rules changed after the game had begun * Cut-off date for applications advanced by a week * Licenses issued on a first-come-first-served basis * No proper auction process followed, no bids invited Raja ignored advice of TRAI, Law Ministry, Finance Ministry * TRAI had recommended auctioning of spectrum at market rates Politicians involved * A. Raja, the Ex-Minister of Communications and Information Technology  who was the minister when the controversial second round of spectrum allocations took place. Mr. Raja, an MP of the  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam  from the  Nilgiris  constituency, was forced to resign following the public outcry. * Arun Shourie, th e minister for Telecom during 2003 in the previous BJP regime. It was Arun Shourie who introduced the controversial technology neutral Unified Access(both Basic amp; Celluler) Services License, which allowed fixed line operators who had paid much lower license fees to offer mobile phone services, at first in the limited WLL mode (Wireless local loop) and later, following an out of court settlement between mobile operators and the BJP govt, full mobility. This gave an advantage to players like Reliance and Tata Teleservices who managed to get mobile spectrum without paying the hefty fees that earlier operators like  BPL Mobile  had paid. Pramod Mahajan, the minister for Telecom between 1999 and 2003. Mr. Mahajan was the minister when the BJP Government took the controversial decision to shift from a license fee based regime to a revenue sharing model which was roundly condemned both by political parties and by economic experts. [4]  The  Comptroller and Auditor General  also filed adverse reports citing a loss of over  64,000  crore  (US$13. 89 billion)  caused by this decision. The crux of  A. Rajas defence is that he was following a policy of 2G allocations put in place by the BJP and it ould be unfair to levy prices based on 3G spectrum to 2G licenses. Pramod Mahajan, who was seen to be friendly with various corporate houses, had been brought in to replace  Jagmohan  as Telecom minister just days before the decision was announced. The houses and offices of the bureaucrat were recently raided by the  Central Bureau of Investigation  as part of their investigations. R K Chandolia, private secretary of Raja during UPA-I when the licences were awarded. He was an  Indian Economic Service  officer of the 1984 batch cadre. When Raja became the Telecom Minister once again in UPA-II, Chandolia had been promoted to the Joint Secretary rank. Raja re-designated him Economic Adviser, that gave him the charge of all important policy-related work. Chandolia interacted with all the licensees. It is said that it was Chandolia who, from DDG-access services A K Srivastavas room, had handed out letters of intent to representatives of various companies. [8] The Central Bureau of Investigation on Tuesday night arrested Dynamix Balwas group managing director Shahid Usman Balwa in connection with the 2G spectrum allocation scam. Season 3 was under the leadership of Lalit Modi , however Season 4 is going to be under the leadership of Chirayu Amin. He has already promised a bigger and better IPL and has promised to run it in a transparent manner. This year there was a lot of allegation of match fixing . BCCI and its pet Indian Premier League came under Income Tax raids. IPL Season 4 is going to have 10 teams , 74 matches and 45 days of action. No player can play more than 14 matches . This rule is laid to prevent player burnout. Sony / World Sport Group has won the rights for 10 years at Rs 8,700 crore (US$ 1. 94 billion) For IPL 4 , BCCI has asked MSM to pay Rs. 190 crores extra. This extra amount is to compensate for the increase in number of matches. The extra money will be paid for the 14 matches in a pro rate basis. Mahela Jayawardene  has been appointed captain of the new IPL  franchise  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Kochi. The 33-year-old former Sri Lankan captain was purchased by the Team Kochi for a whopping $1. 5 million at the player auction last month. Until last year for the previous 3 seasons of IndianPremier  League, he was part of the Kings XI Punjab  franchise. The  2010 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the  XIX  Commonwealth Games, were held in  Delhi,  India, from 3 to 14 October 2010. A total of 6,081 athletes from 71  Commonwealth nations and dependencies  competed in 21 sports and 272 events. It was the largest international  multi-sport event  to be staged in Delhi and India, eclipsing the  Asian Games  in  1951  and  1982. The  opening  and closing ceremonies were held at the  Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event. It was the first time that the Commonwealth Games were held in India and the second time it was held in Asia after  Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia  in  1998. The official mascot of the Games was  Shera  and the official song of the Games, Jiyo Utho Bado Jeeto, was composed by celebrated Indian  musician  A.R. Rahman. Initially,  several concerns and controversies  surfaced before the start of the Games. Despite these concerns, all member nations of the  Commonwealth of Nations  participated in the event, except  Fiji, which is suspended from the Commonwealth, andTokelau, which didnt send a team. A widely-praised  opening ceremony  helped improve the image of the Games. [2][3]  The concerns raised during the buildup to the Games proved largely unfounded as most events progressed smoothly. The final  medal tally  was led by  Australia. The host nation India gave its  strongest performance yet  to emerge second, while  England  placed third. The day after the conclusion of the Games, the Indian Government announced the formation of a special investigation committee to probe the allegations of corruption and mismanagement that had marred the buildup to the Games. [4][5] India  won 101 medals in total, including 38 Gold medals, enabling it to finish the Games at second position behind  Australia  and just ahead of  England. For the first time in the history of the Games India won over 100 medals in total.

Better Law Making Essay -- essays research papers

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 5.6.2002 COM(2002) 275 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION European Governance: Better lawmaking . .. 2 Accountability, effectiveness, proportionality In July 2001, the Commission presented its White Paper on European Governance. The basic message was a simple one and is as topical now as it was then: we need to govern ourselves better, together – European institutions and Member States. We can do this without changing the Treaty, without necessarily wait ing for the successful outcome of a new intergovernmental conference. Better governance together means active cooperation between the European Parliament, the Council, the Commission and the nat ional governments so that the people of Europe can see more clearly how they fit into major projects and into the EU's day-to-day business. One thing we have to acknowledge is the richness of the Community method. Compared wit h other systems of internat ional relat ions, it produces rules which can be applied in any nat ional context and which have the backing of legal certainty. But this very success raises further questions. There are a lot of complex issues at stake now in enacting good European legislat ion which is mindful of the principles of subsidiarit y and proportionalit y. People nowadays take an interest in the effectiveness of the rules handed down "from Brussels" and the way they are drawn up. The advent of a democratic conscience is strengthening the need for accountability and proportionality in the way powers vested in the European inst itutions are exercised. This need is expressed more especially in transparency, clarity and the willingness to stand up to scrutiny. What we have here, then, is a veritable ethical requirement. The resolut ion adopted by the European Parliament in November 2001 in the wake of the Kaufmann report strengthens this requirement still further. By clearly stressing the primacy of polit ical accountabilit y behind legislat ive act ion, the resolution brings out the need for more transparent, equitable and disputational consultat ion: it is the very qualit y of the legislat ion which is under scrutiny. Three communications for better lawmaking Inspired by this resolution and by the init ial react ions during the consultat ions on the White Paper concerning the "better law... ...ve is the indispensable counterpart to majorit y voting in the Council, in as much as the Commission's right of init iat ive guarantees vital minorit y interests when it comes to defining the general interest. In tomorrow's world, this balanced view of the general interest will be even more important with a view to ensuring its autonomy, and that is the very point of the action plan for better lawmaking. Similarly, the complementarit y between the inst itutions, which is at the very heart of the unique Communit y system, will mean having to consolidate this refocusing effort, as prompted by the governance reforms, and for reasons of accountability, proportionality, transparency and legal certainty. And finally, with the move towards more rationalised consultations, the systemat ic and a priori consideration of the impacts the proposed legislat ion will have, we are touching on the vital quest ion of the intensit y of Communit y act ion, lying at the very heart of the balance between effect iveness and the preservat ion of diversit ies which should, according to the Laeken declarat ion, help to clarify the way powers are exercised between the EU and its Member States.

Justice in Plato’s Republic

Plato Republic presents the concepts of psychic justice and psychic virtue. This is different from what in normally observed as justice and virtue. Thus, when apparently good deeds are ostensibly rewarded, and, correspondingly, evils deeds are punished, that is considered to be justice. But Plato is suggesting that appearances are deceptive, and that true justice and virtue are not so easily recognizable. The matter needs to be considered by essences, not appearances. In this way is derived psychic justice and virtue. And when we arrive at the latter understanding we overcome the contradictions found in the first view. For in the apparent view evil seems to be rewarded, while virtue is punished, in the normal course of life. The object of Plato is thus to convince that the just life in preferable to the unjust. As in all the dialogues of Plato, the argument is presented as that of Socrates, and in which the Athenian philosopher systematically overcomes all possible objections to the proposed thesis. Republic is possibly the most elaborately presented argument of Plato, and is also the longest. This essay argues that all the objections raised, by the friends and acquaintances of Socrates, regarding the principle proposition stated above, are answered comprehensively. Evidence seems to contradict the claim of Socrates that the just life is always to be preferred, and this is the principle objection raised by all detractors. In Book I the objection is raised by the rich host Cephalus, and by the cynical Thrasymachus. Cephalus is not confrontational, but merely smug in his conviction that wealth has allowed him to practice virtue. Socrates confounds him by asking whether he would return a lethal weapon to its rightful owner when it is certain that he is not in the right frame of mind and will commit mischief with it. Thrasymachus is intolerant of the dialectical method of Socrates, and demands a positive answer to the question of what justice is. He himself volunteers the positive opinion that justice is the interest of the powerful. Socrates makes the argument that no act is in the interest of the powerful, but is necessarily in the interest of the weaker. For example, the potter makes pots for those who have no inkling of the art of pottery, but would nevertheless like to use one. The potter (the strong) is successful if he can satisfy the non-potter (the weak). Since justice must be equated with success, the just act is committed in the interest of the weak. By a similar argument, the just act cannot inflict harm, neither to the just subject, nor to the recipient of justice, and in this way Socrates refutes the other claim of Thrasymachus that the unjust are happy, while the just suffer. This is the substance of the argument the Glaucon and Adeimantus have so far absorbed, and are only partially convinced by. They remain in the company after Thrasymachus and Cephalus have departed, and are the principal agents to take the argument forward. They proceed to raise the same challenge of Thrasymachus, but in a less confrontational way, and with an earnest inclination to find out. Socrates’ conclusion that the just are rewarded while the unjust destroy themselves seems to them to utterly contradict plain evidence. Glaucon cannot accept that acts of justice are desired â€Å"both for their own sake and for the sake of their results† (Plato 45). Everyone knows, he suggests, that the virtuous act is undertaken with a dread of unpleasant consequences. He puts forward a picture of two extremes; on the one hand there is the rich hypocrite who the world recognizes as virtuous, and on the other the poor and virtuous man who is also castigated by society as evil. This is not far removed from reality, and Glaucon pleads where the benefits of justice and virtue are in view here. Adeimantus stresses the same point, going further to quote the poets who maintain â€Å"that honesty is for the most part less profitable than dishonesty; and they are quite ready to call wicked men happy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ibid 53). Socrates at this point brings forward the crux of his argument – it is a ploy to consider the macrocosm before the microcosm. Justice and virtue must prevail in the Republic before it is possible at the atomic level of the individual. If the Republic is just, then its virtues will be far more visible than it would be in the case of the individual, and this due to its size. The workings of the state are more open to examination then the workings of the soul. In this wise Socrates is prepared to embark on an epic reconstruction of the Republic. Much of this discussion in phrased in terms of â€Å"should be†, but it is important that we remember that it is not political science which Plato is attempting. The Republic is put forward only as a mirror to the soul. It is phrased in terms of â€Å"should be† because justice is the quest, and the just Republic is necessarily constructed on what ought to be. Once justice is located here, and recognized, it throws invaluable light on the corresponding map of the soul. In the end Glaucon and Adeimantus are convinced that there is justice in the Republic. Each step in Socrates’ argument is built on the idea that the unjust, as a league, are incapable of any constructive effort. Even while refuting Thrasymachus, Socrates has argued that the unjust are against both their own kind, and their opposite kind (the just), while the just, at the very least, are in favor of the just. Therefore, all that is constructive and beneficial stems from the virtue of the just. On this crucial argument Socrates bases his reconstruction, and therefore justice is seen to prevail in every facer of the Republic. What exactly this justice is Socrates confesses not to know, yet there are three other qualities that must precede it – wisdom, courage and temperance. Each member of society has a requisite knowledge which answers a calling in life, and which is necessary for survival. The sum of such atomized knowledge is the wisdom of the state. The highest calling of all is that of the guardians of the state, and in them is the greatest wisdom, for they guide all others and thereby secure the greatest good. In particular, they determine the education, and they censor the arts, knowing what is conducive to the whole. Courage is in the defenders of the state. Temperance in distributed throughout society, for everyone must know the right measure of things. Socrates argues that both wealth and poverty are detrimental to the artisan. Wealth makes him inattentive to his art, while in poverty he cannot afford the means to practice. Therefore, the circumstances that prevail in a healthy Republic forces temperance on one and all. If this is a just Republic, argues Socrates, where justice, wisdom, courage and temperance prevail, than justice must be that which is left after wisdom, courage and temperance have been extracted from the whole. Having identified justice in the macrocosm, Socrates goes on to find its correspondence in the microcosm, which is in the soul of man. He distinguishes two types of knowledge, one guided by the rational principle, the other following the appetites, or the gratification of the five senses. Just as the higher wisdom of the guardians in the state guide the knowledge of all others, so the rational principle of the soul controls the appetites, and this makes for the wisdom of the soul. In the case of the Republic it has been shown that if each individual is allowed to function properly in his own calling then this constitutes justice in the wider body politic. Similarly, when the rational principle of the soul guides every facet of the human to function properly, then not only has the individual attained to justice, but also to health, for then each part is in harmony with the other and there is no discord. In this state justice, wisdom, courage and temperance prevail together, and as in the case of the Republic, justice is that which remains after the other three. We call this psychic justice, because we do not see it for itself, but only discover its existence after examination of the human psyche. It is not possible to refute the existence of psychic justice, and all the objections raised against it have been answered completely by Socrates. It is only a question of how worthy one considers it to be. It is not only a question of following the argument, but also of perceiving the inner import of it. Socrates therefore provides three answers to the same question, suited to the attitudes of the questioners. Cephalus must only be disturbed from his smug righteousness. The confrontational Thrasymachus can only be refuted with hard logic, for he cannot be made to comprehend. In Glaucon and Adeimantus, however, Socrates senses a desperate willingness to learn. â€Å"[T]here is something truly divine in being able to argue as you have done for the superiority of injustice,† he tells them, â€Å"and remaining unconvinced by your own arguments† (Ibid 58). The analogy of the Republic is introduced only to answer this honest query. In effect it is the same answer arrived at as the previous two, but nevertheless is special because it allows scope for inner comprehension. This is what Glaucon and Adeimantus come to in the end, and it is far more worth while to them then to merely follow logic. Of course appearances will continue to deceive, and Socrates maintains throughout that he still does not know what justice is. But if the only acquisition is a strengthening of faith in the higher justice, then the gain is substantial. To conclude, Plato introduces the concept of psychic justice, the purpose of which it to contradict the popular notion that the wicked and unjust reap the fruits of the world, while the just are easy prey for the evildoers. He introduces the analogy of the Republic, which is presented as the macrocosm that mirrors the microcosm that is the soul of man. In this way he identifies the justice that prevails in the Republic, and then finds the counterpart justice in the soul of man. In my opinion, psychic justice is to be considered above the apparent notions of justice, because appearances deceive. Plato raises his argument on the essential considerations of the human soul, and it is thus irrefutable.

A Certain Night Essay

Knowledge and Understanding 1. As it is quite obvious in the story, the narrator does not think that these men and women deserve to die. This is abundant when in the very last line of the story the narrator states, â€Å"when will it be light?† 2. Throughout the story, the narrator describes the communists as young, brave and handsome, although they are powerless martyrs. The narrator makes the nationalist seem â€Å"murderous looking,† and â€Å"cunning, malicious and smug.† The chief executioner has a â€Å"revolting moustache,† and an â€Å"evil voice†, as well as an â€Å"ugly and vicious face, which seemed to symbolize the cruelty of all the rulers to the oppressed.† This made it easy enough to distinguish between the communists and the nationalists. 3. The nationalists regard to the commended prisoners with no respect at all. It was because they didn’t care for them, because they were communists, and the nationalist police were just there to execute them. They were very rough towards them as they â€Å"pushed them clumsily and hard, hitting them with rifle butts and putting ropes round their chest to tie them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As well, they would refer to them as â€Å"criminals†, as they would count them one by one making them seem no more important than counting the hairs on your chin. The nationalist’s regards towards these prisoners were cruel and very careless. 4. Near the beginning of the story, the young poet becomes overthrown by anger and pain that he actually passes out. Once he saw a familiar face, he began to calm down and gather a sense of encouragement. This familiar face started to make him feel more brave and resolute. Near the end, the mood is totally flipped around when they remembered their g overnment was being formed. Their attitudes were now positive as they died, proudly singing for their country. 5. Ting Ling wrote this store to raise awareness of the disapproving murders the nationalist party committed. I think she honored her husband with the passionate, loyal, hardworking poet. Maybe she wrote this story more for her self, as a forever memory of her husband. Not only of his death, but also by showing her passion for her beliefs. 6. A major theme in the story is to stand your ground, and fight for what you believe in. In other words, be willing to die for what you stand for, but proudly. Another theme is showing the absolute cruelty of humans. It is showing the brutal behaviors humans can portray on one another. Thinking and Inquiry 1. The tone of this story is dark and bitter. Ting Ling achieves this in the characters emotions throughout the story. This is also shown through imagery, through the gloomy vibe of the story. Ting Ling used figurative language and vivid descriptions to make the story come across as both bitter and dark. 2. The setting of the story contributes to the tone because it is set up during a dark, cold, windy, snowy night. The overall mood of the story was both gloomy and somber, which contributes to the tone I think Ting Ling was going for. Everything from the prisoners falling down in the snow, to the soldiers stomping throughout it, made the tone come alive through the text. 3. There are many different symbols throughout the story. For the chief executioner, he resembles both cruelty and oppression whereas the young poet symbolizes innocence and better reform. At the end when the prisoners are singing to their death, it shows a sense of resistance, which symbolizes the acceptance of their death. 4. The sound of trampling feet connotes punishment as a result of the communists standing up for their beliefs. It also shows desperation because the prisoners have basically hit rock bottom, and have nothing left to do. Ting Ling repeats this image to implement the despair in the prisoners, and to get the point across. 5. This story reflects a political bias because they make the communists seem innocent, as if they have done nothing wrong. Not saying they are innocent, but it is persuading the audience as if they are so. Yes, it is wrong for the nationalists to execute them, but you don’t hear the past story between the two groups. Therefore, it reflects a political bias by only showing the â€Å"innocence† of the communists.

Using Music to Teach English Essays

Using Music to Teach English Essays Using Music to Teach English Essay Using Music to Teach English Essay 2.3 Previous Research Studies have shown that learning and thinking visually instead of verbal which is the traditional culture of learning, has improved the rate of understanding and mastering a language. Thus a change in teaching strategy should be required in the Malaysian curriculum. Educators need to concentrate more on teaching visually hence students will learn visually which will create a long term memory. In terms of mathematics, students dont just watch the teacher, they practically do the mathematics which improves their mathematical prowess (West, 1997). The strategy concentrates on learning through interactive visual music. An ideas is first settled in the mind and then words are absorbed later (West, 1997). This shows that if a teacher just teaches a language through visual music, a student first gets the idea of what English language is all about and then gets the specific words that may be explained. If a teacher just teaches without imagery or audio music a student might also not grasp th e words or message the teacher is conveying, Teaching with Music in the Classroom Previous research have shown that teaching using music in English lessons improves learning but with different level of success. Ana (2016) shows how music affects students who may have varying level of prior knowledge of the English language as they acquire descriptive and procedural knowledge. When prior knowledge of English is low, use of music whether audio or visual, is better for understanding facts that are descriptive than lessons undertaken by the use of written texts only. However, understanding facts that are procedural does not indicate any difference between the use of music and written texts. Students whose prior knowledge level is high, show a significant improvement in both procedural and descriptive knowledge when music is used compared to written texts only (Ana, 2016). Shens et al. (2009) research showed that learners with varying levels of prior knowledge perform differently to different teaching presentations for attaining learning tasks. They argued that there i s a meaningful interconnection between the influence of visual design and prior knowledge of students in regard to learning in a situation where visual music is used. If the motions in the visual music are inconsistent, it might distract the learning process of a student and in such a case audio music will be better. Another research indicated that, Giving out visual control of music improves learning, specifically in males (Claudia, 2002). Kleinman et al. (1999) assessed the effects of certain visual properties in improving learning. They found out that visual music which is graphically colored created more effect on the learning process of a student than black and white visuals. Although, Myatt et al. (1999) found out that quite a number of participants prefer colored visuals, but there is no compelling comparison between the quantity or quality of learning and understanding not unless color is correlated to the content to be taught. The research goes ahead to indicate that young students prefer visuals which are simple while older students prefer visuals which are complex. Regardless of the age group, simple visuals are always more effective than complex visuals (Myatt et al., 1999). The types of visuals students prefer to view do not necessarily facilitate their learning process. Mayer et al. (1996) differentiated the application of summarized interactive media consisting of a series of defined demonstrations describing the sequence in a procedure, with a summarized text comprising of 600 words. The knowledge retained and transferred in different quantity of texts and multimedia summary was also analyzed. The conclusion indicates that verbal is less productive than multimedia. The results show that shortened summaries are more effective specifically when words and demonstrations through visuals are used together. The participants in this research had inferior standard of prior knowledge of the lesson. The researchers believed that the results would be different if experienced learners had participated. This research shows that, music is more effective in inexperienced students in a specific subject. It also shows that, incorporating both visual and verbal illustration method simplifies mental intermediaries in learning. Current Research in English Language Teaching Alex (2016) acknowledged the cognitive styles applied by learners and their experience in language. The research compared the use of texts and visuals only and use of text only teaching materials. Inexperienced learners with lingual cognitive styles performed best when text and visuals were used simultaneously. The inexperienced learners with imagery cognitive styles performed best with the use of texts only. The outcomes were different with the expected findings. However, generally learners portrayed better performance in test scores when using text and visual simultaneously. Moreover, inexperienced learners from both learning approaches classifications portrayed greater performance in test results than skilled learners. The comparison in results between inexperienced learners and experienced learners correlate with findings form a research carried out by Chanlin (1998). Difference in the types of visuals used in teaching were studied by Simone (2016) found out that there is no significance difference in accomplishments by learners exposed by various visual mapping methods. Although the duration in which learners were exposed to the respective visual embellished instructional treatments influenced learning results. Learners who were given the opportunity to learn according to their own speed performed better than those who were stipulated the specific time to learn. Previous research finds out that use of optic components in educating and understanding produce positive outcomes. For learners to benefit from visual enhancements, teachers should have skills that involve imagery language and techniques of visual teaching. Therefore, teachers should be guided on the appropriate ways to use visuals music and audio which will be effective in learning. Outcomes of the effect of optic articulacy in English lessons can be studied further through educators assessing and evaluating their modern use of music and comparing the music content of lessons and academic achievements of the students. More study to establish mechanisms that quantify a persons level of music articulacy, constituting the ability to create and interpret optic communication and expression which is fundamental in assessing the general effect on students education. Moreover, the labeling of probable interconnections among other variables such as demographic traits and educational approach is required for an extensive research of the idea of music optic and audio articulacy. Using Songs for Teaching English 2.4 Theoretical Framework The table below shows the theoretical framework of this research. The sequence will be indicated from top to bottom. Dual Coding Theory Independent Variables: Music Dependent Variables: English Language Krashens Monitor Model Figure 2.4.1: Theoretical Framework This research has adopted Dual Coding theory. Dual Coding theory indicates that oral and visual information are each prepared adversely undergoing exclusive methods with the brain establishing contrasting models for information prepared in each channel. This theory is a linking framework for both speaking and reading. When learners comprehend the written information, dual coding theory claims that the learners access phonological and orthographic information to identify words in the texts. In terms of variables, there are two variables which are independent and dependent variables. In this research visual and audio music is the independent variable while using music in teaching and learning English is the dependent variable. Music can portray the culture of a certain language in the recent history (Clara, 2016). Music does not only improve teaching, but it also enhances learning. Aristotle one of the Greek philosophers stated that, thinking is impossible without image (Benson, 1997). This is in the case of visual music. Images with meaning resulted into characters in alphabets (West, 1997). This research adopts the monitor model of Krashen. The monitor model of Krashen has depicted five hypotheses (Krashen, 1983). The first hypothesis is the Learning or Acquisition hypothesis which claims that there are two absolute processes of development of the second language: the learned order and acquired order. The second one, is the Natural order hypothesis which states that the acquirement of grammatical anatomy follows a natural order which can be predicted. The third one is the Monitor hypothesis which suggests that the correlation between learning and acquisition and explains the influence of learning on acquisition. The fourth is the Input hypothesis which explains how the student obtains a second language. It just defines the process of second language acquisition by a learner. The fifth is the Affective hypothesis which represents Krashens opinion that a few affective variables which play a useful but deliberate character in acquisition of second language. These variables comprise of: anxiety, self confidence and motivation. Modern Method of Teaching English 2.5 Summary Teaching is not as easy as conveying and imparting knowledge to learners. In the teaching career, teachers encounter many students with contrasting learning styles, academic requirements and characteristics on daily basis. Therefore, in consideration of teachers personalization, individualization and localization of their teaching, so that it can harmonize with every student, various abilities and expertise in teaching and a lot of classroom experiences are required. Students participation and engagement is the main aspect in attaining the teaching itself (Clara, 2016). Due to this, tools and strategies adopted to help in teaching play a key role in creating an interest of students in learning. They will engage actively in teaching and learning process if they are attracted to the English lesson. Using music in English lessons is one strategy to attract students attentiveness. In accordance to dual coding theory, when information is double coded, the chances of being retrieved, memorized and applied are high. Dual coding theory also hypothesizes that that images and words activate the mental processing in various ways. Moreover, some of the research such as the ones undertaken by Kleinman (1999) and Mayer (1996) authenticated the positive impact created by Dual Coding Theory. With all the assertions, it is now certain that the of music whether visual or audio enhance English teaching and learning which the Malaysian curriculum should adopt for better communication and understanding of the language.

Eriksons Eight Stages Essays

Eriksons Eight Stages Essays Eriksons Eight Stages Essay Eriksons Eight Stages Essay Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory of social development views the development of the human personality continued over several developmental stages. Erikson seemed to focused on the different stresses different paths that our lifecycles through to the present day for an individual. In familial situations the behavior of the individual seems to serves some purpose in a family structure. Human relationships throughout various stages of development, therefore, draw people together as well as drive them apart, determine how conflicts are managed, and how communication bonds are established. The movie that I could say would describe these stages step by step would be the movie Forrest Gump. Forrests character is portrayed as innocence like that of a child. The beginning of the film the most influential being in his life was his mother. He was born crippled and was picked on throughout school because of it. He didn’t get push down because of it motivated him to be a better and treat everyone with love and respect. Although Forest Gump wasnt the smartest man, he was still a great leader as well as a great follower. As he develops into different life stages you can see Erikson’s stages come out in order. From his mother whom he trusted and never treated him as a special needs child as we could see he was she treated him as a normal boy and always told him he was. To the second stage when he shows feelings toward a little girl whom he cared for and showed compassion for throughout the movie. The third stage he began school and he was being bullied so he decided to run and he ran out of his leg braces. The fourth stage his school life as it continues on and his sweetheart moving away. The fifth stage Forest joined the military, he was told what to do. This can be attributed to the life lessons that he was taught by his mother to listen to people. These lessons set the basis of his success in both his leadership in the military and his life. The sixth stage he left the military and ran and ran till he decides to stop. The seventh his mother dies and then his love of his life dies only to find out he is a father and he assumed that role. The eight stage content and feeling of fulfillment. As for the plot, there is an easily follow able story line, but one that was not predictable. The fact that it incorporates so many different areas is remarkable and one thing that made it stand out from the rest is that it use’s real life events. I think this movie sums Erikson’s stages step by step. It was a well written movie

Answers to Questions About Articles

Answers to Questions About Articles Answers to Questions About Articles Answers to Questions About Articles By Mark Nichol 1. I found the follow information about the indefinite article a in The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: â€Å"used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them, or phrase following them. For example, â€Å"a good knowledge of French†; â€Å"a sadness that won’t go away.† I dont understand the information. The dictionary says that the a is used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them. But, as far as I know, the indefinite article a cannot be used in front of uncountable nouns. Does the information mean that we can always use the indefinite article a in front of uncountable nouns that have an adjective in front of them? Is it a rule? Mass, or noncount, nouns can be preceded by the indefinite article a when they are modified by a preceding adjective or a subsequent phrase: For example, though you would refer to bravery as courage, not â€Å"a courage,† you can write of â€Å"an uncommon courage† and â€Å"a courage like no other.† However, the passage from the resource you mentioned refers only to the possibility of the former type of usage, not to its ubiquity; it is rare. 2. Something I would like some clarification on is the use of a or an before the word holistic. I have been taught an, but this doesn’t seem to make sense to me, as there are many instances when a word beginning with h is preceded by a rather than an. Are you able to shed some light on this? Use a or an before a word that begins with the letter h depending on whether the h is pronounced: â€Å"a historic occasion,† but â€Å"an honest mistake.† 3. I don’t know what to do with the names of institutions when they call themselves a name with the in the title for example, â€Å"the Open Door.† In the middle of a sentence, do you have to capitalize the? Would you say, â€Å"We met at The Open Door†? The direct article should be lowercase even when it is integral to an entity’s name (as in â€Å"the American Automobile Association,† when it would not be referred to, minus the, as American Automobile Association†), but many entities insist on capitalizing it as part of a branding identity. (And it’s best to do so for indirect articles, as in, for example, the name of a community center called A Place for Teens.) If you work for the Open Door or it’s giving your organization money or other consideration and management at the Open Door wants the name treated as â€Å"The Open Door,† treat it as â€Å"The Open Door.† Otherwise, style it â€Å"the Open Door.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsRules for Capitalization in TitlesComment, Suggestion, and Feedback

The Significance Of Financial Literacy Skills Essay

The Significance Of Financial Literacy Skills - Essay Example With my intended motive of pursuing a major in accounting, the first and basic requirement is to develop my language peculiar to suit the subject for easy communication and achievement of organizational goals. Developing financial literacy is important in exploring the discipline of accounting which involves language and communication. Many educational institutions and curriculum setting boards such as the  New Zealand Curriculum  attach great importance to literacy skills and they mainly emphasize on literacy development. Some of the learning outcomes for accounting students in New Zealand include the acquisition of accounting specialist vocabulary; ability to read and understand accounting text and terms; ability to communicate ideas and knowledge using accounting language; and ability to listen and read critically, and assess the value of what one hears or reads. Accounting has its own specialist terms and vocabulary which are used to disseminate accounting-specific knowledge.   For instance, company financial statements tell the story of any business using numbers and they substitute words. As a result, accounting is defined as the global language of business. For this reason, literacy development is important in reading and understanding accounting theories and concepts successfully from almost every part of the world. For example, the use of accounting language by students encourages increased competency and confidence in written, oral, and visual literacy activities. Additionally, understanding accounting language avoids confusion that may arise from accounting categories of words that could have different meanings in other subjects. Through accounting literacy development, students can manage to avoid misunderstandings when using everyday life words within the accounting context. A good example is the word capital. When used in the everyday context of a capital city, the meaning refers to the largest city.

Demand and Utility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demand and Utility - Essay Example If to look at the demand of expensive houses, demand is affected by the situation on the stock markets - if people do not have the need to buy another house, they would consider the option of investing the money into real estate or stock market to gain the profits in the short term. If the consumer wants to get the long term profits, he would invest into luxury products and the demand will go up. The decreased demand leads to the decreased supply of the luxury goods and increased supply of the goods aimed at middle-income people. As the result, the companies tend to introduce products that are more innovative and cheaper. The luxury goods are still desired, but less demanded and less purchased. However, when people buy luxury goods as the mean to show their social standing, the supply will not be affected because the demand stays the same as well. Looking at the never decreasing supply of the luxury high-end clothes, it is possible to say that the supply of expensive cloth will never go down and it is not affected by any economic factors. The demand of luxury electronics depends on the desire of potential customers to change their old devices on the new as well as on the price of the new devices.

Children's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Children's Rights - Essay Example There is a need to create an atmosphere where the children could voice opinions and exercise their rights. "In passing, it may be salutary to remind ourselves, at this point that the role of children's rights in philosophical debate has more often than not been as a testing ground for theories of right whose main significance is held to lie outwith the world of the child," Alston et al (1992, p.3). This happens because adults have created this world without any voice inclusion of the child. "Many factors seem to be influence the way children are included in decision making. This could be classified into factors relating to children, factors relating to adults, and factors relating to situations," Thomas and Campling (2000, p.156). And under more or less all the circumstances, it is mainly the adults who make decisions with hardly any contribution from the children. "Underlying this is a concern that according children their 'rights' may involve adults relinquishing their 'power' and control;" Morrow (1999). In a way this could tend to overburdening children with pressure of decision making. Children's rights should have clear boundaries, separateness and proper divisibility to make them more coherent. As the adults are making laws, laying the rules and doing research without involving children's opinion, it remains mostly from the point of view of the adults. abo "In other words, children's perspectives on their rights might be a useful starting point for finding out what they already know and understand about 'citizenship', 'participation', and politics" Morlow (1999). It is also necessary to take into account the social and cultural background of the region and the limits of children's autonomy. Children, as they grow up, need more information about sex, drugs, alcohol and they have a right to know to protect themselves. Unfortunately in some societies children are discouraged from knowing them. Other factors that could influence are age, gender (this is very important in certain cultures and developing countries), and social diversities make enormous difference here. Children usually feel that they are not trusted; their opinions are not tolerated or even heard, or overruled. Participation in decision making will definitely decrease this assumption. "Article 28 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) states that all children and young people have a right to a primary education, which should be free, and those wealthy countries should help poorer countries achieve this". http://www.unicef.org.uk/tz/rights/index.asp The child has a right to depend upon the parental responsibility throughout the childhood. "Parental responsibility lasts until the child is 18, although at that upper end of childhood it should only be exercised in a way, which is consistent with the child's evolving capacity and maturity". http://www.yourrights.org.uk/your-rights/chapters/the-rights-of-children-and-young-people/parental-resposibility/aquiring-parental-responsibility.shtml Real encroachment of children's right prevails in the poverty-stricken and war-torn areas of the world. United Nations Report says: "In the last decade, an estimated two million children have been killed in armed conflict, many of them by some of the 100 million landmines thought to be

Yahoo case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Yahoo case study - Essay Example But yahoo was not able to carry on the fame it had created for long time. In February 2008, yahoo share price fell from $31 a share to less than half of it. In the year 2011, the CEO of Yahoo Carol Bartz was sacked by the chairman of the company. However the share price of Yahoo had plummeted during the tenure of Carol Bartz. Analysis of the case The case study takes into consideration the problems and issues which Yahoo has been facing over the years. Initially the company was able to attract customers but with new competition from other online sites, yahoo started to losing its customers. According to the case study Yahoo lacked the hype and buzz in the technology market. The case study has also introduced many issues and problems that the company was facing along with its employees such as the corporate culture and political conflicts which highlighted the problem that the employees were dissatisfied with the mid level management; the organization was involved in silo thinking and bureaucracy, issue with respect to human resource, leadership changes and restructuring. In addition to the problems faced by Yahoo, the case study also talks about change in leadership. Marissa Mayer who was the head of the Google search group was appointed as the new CEO of Yahoo. Under the leadership of Marissa Mayer, change management has been implemented to get back Yahoo on the right track and Marissa Mayer aims to â€Å"focus on the users† as yahoo in recent years have been known for its distraction than delight. The case study shows how Marissa Mayer implemented the strategy of change management in yahoo and also follows the changes and step that she brought in Google. The case highlights the good and potential qualities of Marissa Mayer to bring about a change in Yahoo but at the same time it also highlights the resistance to change that the employees of Yahoo might face while dealing with the change. Identification of major issues Yahoo major problem was it never b een best at anything and instead of defining itself the company has fitted from one new web portal to another. Yahoo has 44 different business units and with just 3200 employees it had become unmanageable for the company. Despite having about 44 different business units it do not have sales unit leading to much more confused and chaotic situations. During the golden days of Yahoo, customers were getting involved with the company by themselves and the advertisement company was ready to spent dollars on it and as a result Yahoo did not established relationship with its customers as the customers walked it by themselves which led to arrogance (Willians 2008, 209)1 Corporate culture and political conflicts are said to be high in the organization and this can be seen another big issue for Yahoo and the new CEO Marissa Mayer. As per a review it was revealed that in comparisons to 98% of Google employees who thought the outlook of the company will be better in the future only 48% of employ ees of Yahoo felt the same. The employees were not satisfied with the mid level management as the mid level management was control freaks who pressurized the people without making any improvement. In addition with the existence of frequent re-orgs, this resulted in firing of employees and also scrapping of projects along with frequent turmoil at the executive

PEER RELATIONSHIPS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PEER RELATIONSHIPS - Research Paper Example Further, the negative means by which group/individual interaction occurs is whereby an individual disrupts or derails the process of discussion and three location that is taking place within the group; or, when a group is able to impact negatively upon the ethics or personal beliefs of an individual. Because group behavior is able to bring out aspects of an individual that they may not otherwise exhibit, the impact and effects of groupthink is one of the most commonly referred to negatives that can exist within this relationship (Geldenhuys 5). Ultimately, a group made up and comprised of individuals is both able to affect a great deal of good and a level of harm; all solely contingent upon how the group is led, the means by which decisions are made, and the level and extent to which individuals within the group are willing and able to voice their own opinions as a means of steering the group towards a better understanding and solution. Works Cited Geldenhuys, Dirk J. "Group-As-A-Who le As A Context For Studying Individual Behaviour: A Group Diagnostic Intervention." SAJIP: South African Journal Of Industrial Psychology 38.2 (2012): 1-12. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. Michelena, Pablo, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg. "How Group Size Affects Vigilance Dynamics And Time Allocation Patterns: The Key Role Of Imitation And Tempo." Plos ONE 6.4 (2011): 1-9. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. 2 When trying to understand why groups exist, the reader/researcher should look directly to basic human psychology as a means of understanding the fact that humans are ultimately social creatures and seek the companionship and camaraderie of one another; both as a means of problem-solving as well as a means of entertainment and socialization (Kivlighan et al, 2012). Because of this natural desire to seek out others and to share information one to another, the formation of groups within both the professional and nonprofessional environment is evidence that nearl y every level of society. These groups can exist for purposes as diverse as deciding upon the theme for the neighborhood full cookout or bringing together key subject matter experts in order to define the next best mobile phone operating platform. Although there exists a great deal of scholarship upon the topic, one of the most often neglected factors with regards to group dynamics is the fact that the individual makes up the group and the group is ultimately made up of the individual (Tingyan & Yufang, 2012). So many times, the reader/researcher is tempted to view the group as something of a faceless amalgamation of individuals. Conversely, what can ultimately be seen as a situation in which key leadership roles act in order to give the group specific personality and focus. Although this personality and focus is not always towards the best ends, it nonetheless helps to define the group and give it more character and human definition that many would otherwise seek to find. Reference s Kivlighan, D. r., Kivlighan, D., & Cole, O. (2012). The Group's Absence Norm and Commitment to the Group as Predictors of Group Member Absence in the Next Session: An Actor-Partner Analysis. Journal Of Counseling

Thin film lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thin film lab - Essay Example Introduction: This experiment involves the usage of a physical vapor deposition technique known as evaporation. Physical vapor deposition, or PVD for short, is a term used to denote vacuum deposition processes where the coating material is passed into a vapor transport phase by a physical mechanism such as evaporation, sputtering or others, and the coating material then gets deposited onto a substrate surface to which it is transported (Thornton, 1988). Evaporation is one of the PVD techniques which have been used for film deposition since Faraday’s (1857) time. The age of this technique dictates clearly that a lot of work has been done in this field, specifically on developing coatings on glass. This involves substrate cleaning, followed by choosing a method for evaporation of target, and running the test under vacuum for a calculated time to obtain a certain thickness of film growth (Bach and Krause, 1997; Jackson and Ford, 1981). The intricacies of the method and the theory behind it are discussed in the next section. Theory: Evaporation deposition technique involves three essential steps (Pulker, 1999): 1. Evaporation of target material to obtain vapors for deposition. 2. Transport of vapors to substrate for deposition. This requires very low pressures as high mean free paths are required to assure the close-to-linear deposition of the film. 3. Adsorption of vapors on substrate surface leading to heterogeneous nucleation film growth. This section will deal with the theory behind the methods used to conduct the above mentioned three steps in the experiment that we conducted in the lab. The first step, evaporation, was carried out through Joule heating using a tungsten filament. Joule heating, in simple terms, is resistance heating, done through using wires of high resistance R which generate heat Q when current I is passed through them for time t. They follow the mathematical relation (Weisstein, 1996-2007) given below: This heat is utilized for heati ng our target material. The choice of the heating wire depends on resistance, which needs to be high for high heat generation. Tungsten filaments are usually used for this purpose, though tantalum or molybdenum may also be used (Ohring, 1992). Special purpose evaporation techniques also use electron beam evaporation. The target to be evaporated is wrapped around the filaments or shaped in hollow cylinders to place the filament inside them. Once the evaporation is carried out, the next important step is to get the material transported to the substrate surface. This depends on the mean free path of the gas molecules in the chamber. Mean free path is the average distance that a molecule travels in a gas chamber between two consecutive collisions (Nave, 2010). This is mainly dependent on the pressure and the kinetics of flow of the gas. Both pressure and temperature adversely affect the mean free path of a gas. For uniform deposition, we require high mean free path, so that the particle s can get transported to the surface of the substrate evenly (Ohring, 1992). Adsorption of the transported species on the substrate surface is a very interesting science, involving both thermodynamics and kinetics, indicating how the type of the growth of the surface layer, its morphology, the nucleation rate, the growth rate and the microstructure can be influenced by small changes in the conditions. These may involve surface cleanliness, substrate preheating, plasma

PEER RELATIONSHIPS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PEER RELATIONSHIPS - Research Paper Example Further, the negative means by which group/individual interaction occurs is whereby an individual disrupts or derails the process of discussion and three location that is taking place within the group; or, when a group is able to impact negatively upon the ethics or personal beliefs of an individual. Because group behavior is able to bring out aspects of an individual that they may not otherwise exhibit, the impact and effects of groupthink is one of the most commonly referred to negatives that can exist within this relationship (Geldenhuys 5). Ultimately, a group made up and comprised of individuals is both able to affect a great deal of good and a level of harm; all solely contingent upon how the group is led, the means by which decisions are made, and the level and extent to which individuals within the group are willing and able to voice their own opinions as a means of steering the group towards a better understanding and solution. Works Cited Geldenhuys, Dirk J. "Group-As-A-Who le As A Context For Studying Individual Behaviour: A Group Diagnostic Intervention." SAJIP: South African Journal Of Industrial Psychology 38.2 (2012): 1-12. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. Michelena, Pablo, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg. "How Group Size Affects Vigilance Dynamics And Time Allocation Patterns: The Key Role Of Imitation And Tempo." Plos ONE 6.4 (2011): 1-9. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. 2 When trying to understand why groups exist, the reader/researcher should look directly to basic human psychology as a means of understanding the fact that humans are ultimately social creatures and seek the companionship and camaraderie of one another; both as a means of problem-solving as well as a means of entertainment and socialization (Kivlighan et al, 2012). Because of this natural desire to seek out others and to share information one to another, the formation of groups within both the professional and nonprofessional environment is evidence that nearl y every level of society. These groups can exist for purposes as diverse as deciding upon the theme for the neighborhood full cookout or bringing together key subject matter experts in order to define the next best mobile phone operating platform. Although there exists a great deal of scholarship upon the topic, one of the most often neglected factors with regards to group dynamics is the fact that the individual makes up the group and the group is ultimately made up of the individual (Tingyan & Yufang, 2012). So many times, the reader/researcher is tempted to view the group as something of a faceless amalgamation of individuals. Conversely, what can ultimately be seen as a situation in which key leadership roles act in order to give the group specific personality and focus. Although this personality and focus is not always towards the best ends, it nonetheless helps to define the group and give it more character and human definition that many would otherwise seek to find. Reference s Kivlighan, D. r., Kivlighan, D., & Cole, O. (2012). The Group's Absence Norm and Commitment to the Group as Predictors of Group Member Absence in the Next Session: An Actor-Partner Analysis. Journal Of Counseling

Japan Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japan Constitution - Essay Example The Meiji Restoration heralded the rise of Japan as an industrial and military power. The oligarchy consolidated itself under the leadership of the Emperor, and made an effort to destroy remaining vestiges of samurai and shogun power. Lands were sought to be restored to the Emperor. The Samurai's privilege to bear arms was diluted by extending this to the peasants, as well, and conscription into the army of a male member from each family in the country also came into effect. The samurai was disgruntled with what it saw as a clipping of its wings. But along with that, they also moved into other areas, seeking employment in the government, and became a new elite in Japan. It was against the above backdrop that a constitution was promulgated in Japan, and came into effect in 1889. This Constitution enshrined the Emperor as the supreme political head, who shared power with an elected Diet or parliament. The Meiji Constitution continued till Japan was defeated in the Second World War, after which a new constitution came into effect. The Meiji Constitution marks the first time that Japan has had a written constitution. In actual practice since the emperor's powers had been curtailed, prior to the Meiji Restoration Japan was only a de jure monarchy, the actual powers often having been exercised either by an oligarchy or by the Samurai from time to time.To draft the Meiji Constitution Japan studied those of the US, Britain, Spain, France and Prussia. The Meiji constitution seems to have been considerably influenced by the Prussian one. It has seven chapters, consisting of seventy-six articles. It also has a Preamble, an Imperial Oath Sworn in the Sanctuary in the Imperial Palace, and an Imperial Rescript on the Promulgation of the Constitution. All told, it is a document of less than 4000 words. The seven chapters headings are: 1-The Emperor; 2- The Rights and Duties of Subjects; 3-The Imperial Diet; 4-The Ministers of State and the Privy Council; 5- The Judicature; 6- Finance; and 7- The Supplementary Rules. (The Meiji Constitution) There are portions in this Constitution, that are worded ambiguously, and it was left to the political leaders and parties of the time to interpret it either as supportive of the monarch, or as a document that established a liberal democratic system. This Constitution rests on the basic premise that the Emperor's ancestry is divine, and therin lies his legitimacy. He thus combines in his person, the powers of the legislature, executive as well as the judiciary: "Article 3. The Emperor is sacred and inviolable." (The Meiji Constitution) But Article 4 states that, "The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution." (The Meiji Constitution) A subsequent article (55) however stated that the Emperor's powers were subject to ratification by a Minister of State, whose appointment was strangely in the hands of the monarch himself.The duties and rights of the people were spelt out by the Constitution. A subject had the duty of protecting the Constitution. (Preamble) He also had to serve in the army, if called upon to do so. (Article 20) He enjoyed certain rights, provided these did not come in

Calculations for the anti-pressure valve Essay Example for Free

Calculations for the anti-pressure valve Essay From the diagram before I know 4 pieces of information to find out what the two moments need to be. Firstly for the CWM I know that counter weight is 5kg, the gravity is 9. 81 N, the distance from the pivot is 0. 4m and for the ACWM moment I know that the distance from the pivot is 0. 15m. If the CWM is 5kg x 9. 81N x 0. 4m which equals 19. 62Nm then the ACWM needs to equal 19. 62Nm. I know the distance from the pivot is 0. 15m, so if I divide 19. 62Nm by the 0. 15m I will get the value for which the pressure of the carbon dioxide is coming out of the fermenting vessel, which is 130. 8N. There are several limitations for these two valves which are; they might not be as sensitive as they could be, not able to detect small changes in pressure. Also they are self running it could taken longer for it to get fixed if it breaks rather than if it relied on a human operating it, so in that the fact that it was broken would get fixed quicker. The equipment is expensive as there is lots of metal On the other hand there are many different advantages for these valves, which are; the position of the counterweight can be easily adjusted to compensate with different amounts of pressure from within the tank or from outside. Also the design of the mechanism is of a very simple one, this is an advantage because it is vary easy to understand and therefore it is less likely for a human to break it. The mechanism is also not likely to break again because it is a simple deign which means that there are fewer things which can go wrong. The mechanisms can also self-reset, this means that it can close itself and repeat the operation over and over again without human intervention, this is an advantage because it can run itself without any need for human intervention. The mechanism has low-cost maintenance, this means that the two valves need little human activity to kept these mechanisms running and that it wont cost much to kept them running. To develop this equipment further you could control it via computer. This would ensure accurate changes it the valves to adjust to the different conditions facing them more easily. The pressure relief valve could be used for hot water systems, gases and non-corrosive fluids. The anti-vac valve can be used in hot water heaters. http://www. plumbworld. co. uk/3-bar-relief-valve-12-3-bar-231-60 http://www. rwc. co. uk/Public/gplumb/antivac. pdf

Truman’s Horrible Mistake to Use the Atomic Bomb Essay -- Argumentativ

The war was coming to a victorious conclusion for the Allies. Germany had fallen, and it was only a matter of time until Japan would fall as well. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was at the forefront of the American war effort, and saw atomic weaponry as a way out of the most monumental war ever. As discussed in Cabell Phillips’ book, The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession, Stimson was once quoted as saying that the atomic bomb has â€Å"more effect on human affairs than the theory of Copernicus and the Law of Gravity† (55). Stimson, a defendant of dropping the bomb on Japan, felt that the world would never be the same. If the world would change after using atomic weapons, could it possibly have changed for the better? One would think not. However, that person might be weary of the biased opinion of White House personnel. He or she should care more for the in depth analytical studies done by experts who know best as to why America should or should not have dropped the atomic bomb. As more and more evidence has been presented to researchers, expert opinion on whether or not the United States should have dropped the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has also changed. More and more researchers seem to feel that the atomic bomb should never have been used (Alperovitz 16). Despite several officials’ claims to enormous death estimations, an invasion of Japan would have cost fewer total lives. In addition, post atomic bomb repercussions that occurred, such as the Arms Race, were far too great a price to pay for the two atomic drops. However, possibly the most compelling argument is that Japan would have surrendered with or without the United States using the atomic bomb. In defiance of top... ... Conference.† Reader’s Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Online. Internet. Available at HTTP: http://www.historychannel.com/. 23 Sept 2001. Franck, James, et al. The Franck Report. June 11, 1945. Online. Internet. Available at HTTP: http://www.dannen.com/decision/franck.html. 1 Oct. 2001. Miles, Rufus E. Jr. â€Å"Hiroshima: The Strange Myth of Half a Million American Lives Saved.† International Security (1985): 121-140. Newman, Robert P. â€Å"Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson.† New England Quarterly (1998): 5-32. Phillips, Cabell. The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession. New York: MacMillan, 1966. â€Å"Truman, Harry S.† The Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Columbia: Columbia, 1994. Online. Internet. Available at HTTP: http://www.historychannel.com/. 24 Sept. 2001.

Euthanasia :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia Should we allow Euthanasia in cases where people who are terminally ill request the right to die? People should have the right to control and chose whether they die or not. However I think they should be in a mentally fit state to do so. If they only have a couple of months to live and can feel the pain if they aren’t injected day after day, then I think they should be given the chance to make decisions for themselves. It is after all their life, it belongs to them and the only judge the only decision maker should be the person themselves. I think being given the gift of life is a wonderful thing but being forced to live spoils what should be a joyful and knowledgeable experience of growing. If people are given millions of choices in life why should they be denied the choice of death? Good pain control makes euthanasia unnecessary I think pain control will only block the pain but it will leave the patient a ‘zombie’. People need to understand that although the pain can be stopped for a certain period of time it will never leave the patient. If the patient wishes to die and is in a mentally fit state to make decisions then I think they should be able to. Nevertheless I believe doctors and nurses should make sure the patient is not depressed. As people often go through stages when they feel insecure and miserable, when they feel death is their only option out. On the other hand people may disagree with me because they think if the pain is stopped then the feeling of being terminally ill is lost, it’s gone, it’s forgotten. They will argue that if the right Human beings should never be killed Human beings should never be killed. A statement that has never fit into perspective for me. Innocent Humans are killed all over the. Still governments have never stopped these immoral things. These people never wanted to die. Yet when it comes to Humans who are terminally ill and want to die, they won’t allow it. I agree that life is a gift and should be lived to the full. But people who cannot enjoy their lives should have the right to end them. Death is not always an evil to be avoided Death is not a bad thing. It can be helpful to those who need it those who are suffering each day, and waiting for death to come to them.

Explain different methods of feedback Essay

Learning is an active process. To learn, we need to plan what we’re going to do; attempt to do it and then receive feedback on our work. We then use this feedback to improve the work we have just done; or, more often in education, to ensure that the next work we do embraces what we have learned. Feedback also affects how we feel about our work, and inevitably also about ourselves; feedback thus also affects student motivation. Feedback can be delivered in a number of styles. Methods which can deliver a higher payoff for both trainers and students are: Self assessment, Students comparing work, Individual learning development plans, Peer-marking with feedback, Presentations by students, Verbal feedback to individuals, Feedback Sandwich and Verbal feedback to whole class. Carl Rogers places self assessment at the start and heart of the learning process. And the learning from experience cycle devised by Kolb places heavy emphasis on self assessment. It is most important that we reflect in a way that enables us to learn. This involves not blaming the students or our self for anything that went wrong but instead trying to identify why things worked or didn’t work. Try to learn the general principles of what works, and then you can use these principles to work out how to teach better in the future. It can be made by learners as well where they can make judgement about their own work. An easy method of feedback is just by allowing the learners to compare their work. This will allow them to correct their mistakes and improve their work. And Peer Assessment is where a pupil’s work is judged by fellow pupils. Individual learning plans form a ‘route map’ of how a learner will get from their starting point on a learning journey to the desired end point. They may be for one course and include the acquisition of qualifications and skills, or may link several courses that give progression to different  levels (from level 1 to 3, or from level 2 to Higher Education). They should be individual for each learner to reflect aspirations, aptitude and needs. Peer Assessment is where a pupil’s work is judged by fellow pupils. Self Assessment involves pupils making judgements about their own work. These strategies involve more than using marking keys, but give opportunities for exploration of the fundamentals of the assessment process, including various types of evaluation. One of the most popular methods is Sandwich Feedback. The sandwich feedback technique is a popular three-step procedure to help tutors who are ill at ease with providing corrective feedback. The sandwich feedback method consists of praise followed by corrective feedback followed by more praise. In other words, the sandwich feedback method involves discussing corrective feedback that is â€Å"sandwiched† between two layers of praise. The purported benefits of this technique are twofold: (1) it â€Å"softens† the impact of the criticism or corrective feedback on an employee/learner, and, (2) given that a manager/tutors is probably more comfortable with praising the employee/learner, the manager/tutor finds it easier to discuss problems with the learner/employee’s behavior if this discussion begins and ends with praising the employee/learner. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Dr R. Paton and Dr S. Fearnley, Asssesing Students’ work (Undated) http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsld/firstwords/fw21.html (Accessed on 1/12/2011) Geoff Petty , Self Assessment: Evaluating your teaching (2004), http://www.geoffpetty.com/selfassess.html (Accessed on 1/12/2011) EXCELLENCE GATEWAY, LEARNING AND SKILLS IMPROVEMENT SERVICE (LSIS) 2011 HTTP://WWW.EXCELLENCEGATEWAY.ORG.UK/PAGE.ASPX?O=108288(ACCESSED ON 1/12/2011) THE HIGHLAND COUNCIL,( 20/08/2010), HTTP://WWW.HIGHLANDSCHOOLS-VIRTUALIB.ORG.UK/LTT/FLEXIBLE/PEER.HTM(ACCESSED ON 1/12/2011) NAGESH BELLUDI, THE SANDWICH FEEDBACK TECHNIQUE (FEBRUARY 20, 2008) HTTP://WWW.RIGHTATTITUDES.COM/2008/02/20/SANDWICH-FEEDBACK-TECHNIQUE/(ACCESSED ON 1/12/2011)

Jing-Mei Woo: The Joy Luck Club Essay

In this chapter we are introduced to the Joy Luck Club which originated all the way back in China when Jing-Mei Woo’s mother Suyuan was in the city of Kweilin. At the Joy Luck Club a group of old Chinese women sit around and eat and after that they sit down in a table to play a friendly game of Mah-Jong. At the Joy Luck Club there are 4 major members, Lindo Jong, Ying-ying St. Clair, An-Mei Hsu, and Suyuan Woo. In the beginning of the chapter we learn that Suyuan has died and Canning Woo, Jing-Mei’s father and Suyuan’s husband has asked Jing-Mei to take her mothers place at the Mah-Jong meeting. In this chapter we learn of how Suyuan had lived in China and during the war as the Japanese were slowly invading China, she had to take her family and leave for the city of Kweilin while her husband, Suyuan’s first husband that is, goes off to Chunking to fight the Japanese. In this chapter we learn about the other Mah Jong players, Lindo Jong, mother of the young girl Waverly, Ying-ying, a woman married to a white man and An-Mei Hsu. In the end of the chapter they old ladies tell Jing-Mei how they have contacted her long lost sisters and they want to send her to China to meet them. The story is quite interesting so far, its interesting to see how the women in this story resemble the way my own Chinese grandmother acts. Its quite funny too actually be able to know what Mah Jong is although I have been so white washed. I was born here in America so all I’ve ever known is American culture and although I look 100% like a Chinese kid would, when I went to visit China for the first time I felt so different from them. An-Mei Hsu: Scar We learn how An-Mei’s father is long gone and that her grandmother who has been a predominant figure in her life is slowly dying. While An-Mei is describing her dying Grandmother (Popo), she talks about her real mother who had dishonored the family by going off to marry a man with many wives thereby getting herself disowned by her own family. As the grandmother is dying, An-Mei’s mother comes back and as a last resort, tries to save grandmother by cutting off a piece of her own flesh and sticks it into a soup that she tries to feed to her mother (the grandmother). I thought it was interesting to see an example of an old Chinese remedy for something. I kind of wonder if that was even a real remedy, rather harsh and repelling if you ask me. Lindo Jong The Red Candle In this story Lindo, the mother of Waverly Jong, the National Chess Champion talks about her own struggles. In China Lindo was forced to marry a man named Tyan-yu whom she didn’t love at all. When she was finally married to him, she would avoid him and the groom’s mother realized this and hired a marriage counselor type of person to help fix things. The marriage counselor lit a candle and said if it was still lit the next day without going out then the marriage will last forever and even if the groom dies, Lindo may never remarry again. Upset, Lindo tries to blow out the candle and succeeds but the next day the servant lies about the candle not going out. Lindo now becomes desperate and tries to devise lies to help her get out of there and finally succeeds and the husband eventually marries one of the pregnant servants and Lindo is sent to America. The odd part of this story was how I was able to empathize with the other  characters in their discussions of their hardships when they were younger while I couldn’t with Lindo. Maybe I’m biased because of how Lindo is so harsh and headstrong towards the other characters in this story. She in my mind seems to be a great description of the family members in my own life, for they are all harsh and headstrong towards each other. Ying-ying St. Clair: The Moon Lady In Chapter 4 we learn about Ying-ying. As a child Ying-ying came from a wealthy family. Unlike she is now Ying-ying was once a very problem child, because she was so spoiled by her family she never thought twice about doing things and because of that she ended up getting lost at what was called â€Å"The Moon Festival†. At the Moon festival she watches a play about the Moon Lady whom she takes as the real person but then realizes her own stupidity and leaves the festival and if finally found by her family. An important part of this chapter is how Ying-ying ends it with the words â€Å"I wished to be found†. Those words to me tell me how she wants to be closer to her daughter and if granted one wish from the Moon Lady that would be it. Ying-ying doesn’t like how her daughter is ashamed of her and has abandoned all of their Chinese traditions In the prelude to The Twenty Six Malignant Gates I found it amusing to see how the little girl like all young children are headstrong and seem to think they are impervious to the dangers of real life and she ignores her mothers advice until it is too late when she falls off the bike like her mother said would happen Waverly Jong- Rules of the Game In this chapter we learn about Waverly’s life and how her mother has taught her â€Å"the art of invisible strength† which has allowed Waverly to do well in life especially in the world of Chess where she became National Chess Champion at a very young age. Waverly however hates her mother for even though she adopted her mother’s quality of â€Å"invisible strength† she dislikes everything about her mother from their culture to the way her mother acts. Waverly unlike her mother doesn’t like to brag about herself and is very upset at her mother who is always comparing her child to everyone else’s and using Waverly’s fame to her own advantage. Lena St. Clair- The Voice from the Wall This is the second story told from eyes of the daughters. Lena in this chapter describes the life of her mother when she was younger. Lena describes Ying-ying as a paranoid and somewhat psychotic person who married her father Clifford St. Clair, and Englishman who spoke very little Chinese and was found unable to understand what her mother was saying half the time they were together. Towards the end of the story Lena describes what is seems like her mother Ying-ying had a miscarriage and Ying-ying who was already mentally unstable blames the death of the unborn child on herself and becomes even more unstable. In this chapter we learn about Lena’s childhood neighbor who was always getting into fights and because in her own Chinese culture when the children would argue with their elders, the argument would ensue a beating from the parents so she always imagined her neighbor to look very beat up since they seemed to argue all the time but to her astonishment when the neighbor sne aked into her house one day, the young girl was unharmed and that same night could be heard laughing with her mother whom she had an argument with a few hours earlier. Jing-Mei Woo â€Å"2 Kinds† I thought it was funny to see how Jing-Mei’s mother wanted her daughter to be like â€Å"Shirley Temple† but then again it makes sense, Shirley Temple was America’s Sweetheart in the early 90’s so it would be fitting since everyone wants the best for their children. It was also interesting to see June’s interest in piano after watching a Chinese girl play the piano on the television but she quickly lost interest in the piano ever since she found out her teacher was deaf and therefore she stopped practicing. Lena St. Clair â€Å"Rice Husband† In this chapter we look into Lena’s life and find out that she is married to a white man named Harold. At first they had a true love and enjoyed their life together and decided to share all their costs but lately the marriage has begun to fall apart and the only thing still concrete in their marriage is their sharing of the costs of things they use and that have become the root of most of their problems. Waverly Jong â€Å"Four Directions† Waverly who is trying to look for a way to tell her mother that she is getting married to her fiancà © Rich, takes her mother out for lunch but ends getting scrutinized by her mother like always. With a certain un-eagerness Waverly invites Rich to meet her mother at her mothers house for dinner and although the dinner was a complete disaster for Rich, Waverly in the end found out that her mother did approve of Rich and that event brings all three of them closer together than before. In the beginning of the chapter we learn that Waverly is a smart young child but her mother has an iron grip on her life and Waverly’s first marriage falls apart completely because of her mother and how she began to see things the way her mother did about her husband. Rose Hsu Jordan â€Å"Without Wood† Rose for once doesn’t believe what her mother says, which was about her husband Ted cheating on her which he really did do. The husband after filing for divorce tries to bully her but Rose stays strong and is able to keep the house and keep her ex-husband in check. Jing-Mei Woo â€Å"Best Quality† In this chapter we learn how Suyuan hurts Jing-Mei, enough that Jing-Mei begins to doubt her mothers love for her but when New Years Eve comes along, Suyuan proves Jing-Mei wrong and then Jing-Mei realizes how much her mother really loves her at dinner. Because of her mothers love for her, Jing-Mei never takes off the pendant Suyuan has given her before she died. An-Mei Hsu â€Å"Magpies† In this chapter An-Mei is taken away to live with her mother. In this chapter both An-Mei and her daughter Rose wonder if their culture has made them weak in the eyes of society. An-Mei was upset at Rose earlier because of Rose’s unwillingness to do anything about her husband request for a divorce. In this chapter we see how Chinese women couldn’t do much with their lives, if they were unhappy all they could do was cry about it so when faced with these types of problems in America, the both of them wouldn’t know what to do although being in America they could do whatever they want. Ying-ying St. Clair â€Å"Waiting Between the Trees† Ying-ying in this chapter reflects on her childhood and from her mistakes she wants her daughter Lena to learn from. Ying-ying wants her daughter to lead a happy life, that her marriage is going to fall apart and she wants her daughter to be strong when this happens. Lindo Jong â€Å"Double Face† In this chapter we see the two cultures, the American culture represented by Waverly and the traditional Chinese culture represented by her mother Lindo Jong. Waverly who was uncertain of herself, thinks she’ll be easily seen as a foreigner but Lindo says she won’t be noticed. Later in the chapter both mother and daughter become closer after Lindo decides to ask Waverly why the year before when Lindo went to visit China, that they knew she was a foreigner despite all of her Chinese styles and traditions still in tact with her. Jing Mei-Woo â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† The last chapter of the book ends with the final daughter and mother couple coming together for Jing is able to finally discover who she really is, for as American she is, she’s also just as much Chinese.

Siddhartha Commentary: Bildungsroman

â€Å"Siddhartha† by Herman Hesse is neatly categorized under the Bildungsroman genre. Bildungsroman is a novel dealing with one person’s formative years or spiritual education. Throughout the whole novel Siddhartha, the main character, is confronted by many setbacks not only physically and emotionally but also spiritually. Siddhartha’s father was a Brahman and thus Siddhartha learnt the traditions through his own father. However, Siddhartha felt that he was missing something and this started his journey to enlightenment.Herman Hesse splits Siddhartha’s journey into three major locations. The confrontations that Siddhartha faces in the different location all relate to each other by three different aspects that affected Siddhartha. Mental situations, situations that involved human desire and spiritual situations are the three aspects that affected Siddhartha. Firstly, when Siddhartha encountered situation that involved his mentality, human teachers taught S iddhartha. Siddhartha was first taught by his father, the Head Brahman, through scriptures of ways to lead a blessed life.However, Siddhartha had already mastered the ways of the Brahman. He also felt that his soul could not be taught by scriptures because if he continued learning though scriptures he would just go on a â€Å"detour, (he) was getting lost†. Soon after, Siddhartha left the Brahman ways with Govinda to learn from the Samanas. Once again, Siddhartha’s teachers were humans. The duo was taught to deprive themselves of all sorts of pleasure and to be an â€Å"empty human†. After slowly mastering the ways of the Samanas, Siddhartha soon became bitter to his surroundings.He saw his world as one full of negative things. Siddhartha’s â€Å"glance turned to ice when he encountered women†, â€Å"merchants trading, princes hunting, mourners wailing for their dead, whores offering themselves, physicians trying to help the sick, priests determin ing the most suitable day for seeding, lovers loving, (and) mothers nursing their children†. Siddhartha’s mouth would always â€Å"twitch(ed) with contempt†. Siddhartha would also be absolutely numb to the world saying that â€Å"the world tasted bitter† and that â€Å"life was torture. †The Samanas also taught Siddhartha self-deprivation. Siddhartha â€Å"went the way of self-denial by means of pain, through voluntarily suffering† in the process of this, Siddhartha was able to overcome pain, hunger, thirst (and), tiredness. † Soon, Siddhartha acknowledged that the ways of the Samana was not able to achieve enlightenment. He told Govinda that the eldest Samana who has â€Å"lived for sixty years and has not reached the nirvana† so how were they supposed to attain enlightenment through the ways of the Samana if the eldest Samana hasn’t.Siddhartha shadowed behind the mental games that the ways of the both the Head Brahman an d eldest Samana. The way of the Brahman and the eldest Samana were only training Siddhartha’s mental but it did not touch even the slightest part of Siddhartha’s soul. Secondly, Siddhartha went through what I would consider a stage that lured him to somewhat go against what he learnt in the first part of the novel, which is accepting human desires and attending to them.The start of this journey was when he let Govinda stay with the Buddha while Siddhartha ventured out himself. Throughout this journey, Siddhartha’s teachers are humans. Siddhartha learns the art of love from a ‘teacher of love’ named Kamala and the ways of the rich by a merchant named Kalaswami. Siddhartha learnt how to see the beauty in things however, this led him to take advantage of his surrounding’s beauty. When Siddhartha left Govinda, it symbolized him letting go of his the teaching from the Samanas and Brahman.Once he let go, then Siddhartha was finally able to see the beauty of life, he saw â€Å"all of this, a thousand-fold and colourful, had always been there, always the sun and the moon had shone, always rivers had roared and bees had buzzed, but in former times all of this had been nothing more to Siddhartha than a fleeting, deceptive veil before his eyes, looked upon in distrust, destined to be penetrated and destroyed by though, since it was not the essential existence, since this essence lay beyond, on the other side of, the visible. Siddhartha then describes his ‘new life’ as a child-like laughter, he called it â€Å"beautiful and lovely†. As Siddhartha reaches the near village, Siddhartha sees a young woman and inside of him, there is a spark of lust that started the first fire. Siddhartha describes the feeling as one that made â€Å"his blood heating up†. Next, Kalaswami first sees Siddhartha as he â€Å"entered, a swiftly, smoothly moving man with very gray hair, with very intelligent, cautious eyes, with a greedy mouth†.Siddhartha seems to take note of the result of indulging in too much pleasure. Unfortunately, he doesn’t realize when he has become just like Kalaswami. Then Siddhartha finally realizes that pleasure is only temporary. Siddhartha sits and â€Å"he became aware of the strange life he was leading, of him doing lots of things which were only a game, of, though being happy and feeling joy at times, real life still passing him by and not touching him†. Siddhartha acknowledges again that through lust and desire, he was not able to attain enlightenment.So, he continued his journey. Lastly, Siddhartha went through his final stage that would be considered a stage that was about Siddhartha spiritually. At first, Siddhartha’s spiritual journey begins at the Jetavana Grove where the Buddha gave his teachings. The second part of Siddhartha’s spiritual journey, he was guided by a human named Vasudeva. However, unlike the other teachers that Siddhar tha had, Siddhartha learnt how to attain enlightenment through the river that he studied.Siddhartha’s first step to enlightenment was when he was just about to leave the Jetavana grove where the Buddha gave his teachings. As Siddhartha was just about to leave the grove, the Buddha smiled at him. At that point, Siddhartha was able to understand the tranquility behind the smile. Siddhartha also understood that peacefulness was the result of enlightenment. The proof was the Buddha, his â€Å"eyes quietly looked to the ground; quietly, in perfect equanimity his inscrutable face was smiling†. Through Siddhartha’s spiritual path, dreams came to Siddhartha.These dreams brought Siddhartha to a realization of how he was living in the past and they also guided Siddhartha is ways guided him on how he should live his life. Siddhartha’s dreams were manifestations of his consciousness. For example, Siddhartha’s internal ‘death’ through his indulgenc e of pleasure was represented by Kamala’s dead song bird. † At the last stage of Siddhartha’s spiritual journey, Siddhartha made many self-reflections while studying the river. This made him realize what he did in the past, what he was doing in the present and what he would do in the future.Siddhartha through the process of attaining enlightenment, he â€Å"stopped fighting his fate, (and) stopped suffering. On his face flourished the cheerfulness of a knowledge, which is no longer opposed by any will, which knows perfection, which is in agreement with the flow o f events, with the current of life, full of sympathy for the pain of others, full of sympathy for the pleasure of others, devoted to the flow, belonging to the oneness. † Siddhartha studied the river and when he did, Siddhartha finally found enlightenment.Throughout the novel, Siddhartha has had many different encounters with different people, animals and himself, Siddhartha changed from a boy to a man who’s eyes have been opened to the ‘new world’. Siddhartha’s goal that he had when he took the first step by leaving his house to join the Samanas was to attain enlightenment. With this goal in mind, Siddhartha was finally able to attain enlightenment with the help of the river. At first was boy who was hungry for the key to enlightenment even more for his hunger for new knowledge.During his lifelong journey Siddhartha went through many mental, physical and spiritual struggles he on the road to attain enlightenment. However, unlike the other teachers that taught him their different specialties’, Siddhartha’s teacher that helped him to enlightenment wasn’t a human but rather it was from one of Mother Nature’s creations, the river. The many changes in Siddhartha’s life caused Siddhartha going through the vital process of growth. In conclusion, Siddhartha by Herman Hesse is a bildungsroman.