The Ethical Dilemma Of Smartphone Manufacturer - 832 Words

As technology is advancing in this digital age so is the need to protected people’s privacy and to keep their personal information confidential. As Michael McFarland, of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics noted â€Å"Reverence for the human person as an end in itself and as an autonomous being requires respect for personal privacy. To lose control of one s personal information is in some measure to lose control of one s life and one s dignity. Therefore, even if privacy is not in itself a fundamental right, it is necessary to protect other fundamental rights† (Michael McFarland, 2012). It is in the light of this that the ethical dilemma of whether smartphone manufacturer has the right to track their customer location is the focus of this paper. People’s personal and sensitive information such as medical records, court records, financial records and geolocation information should be protected and held confidential. Today manufacturer of smartphone embedded be acon in their device which transmits their customer location. The location data collected are notably used as part of providing services or for contextual advertising (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2016). The three normative ethical principles chosen to analyze this dilemma are autonomy, confidentiality and respect for persons. There are three important stakeholders involved in this matter, the smartphone user, the smartphone manufacturer and the government. Under autonomy, the individual smartphone user have theShow MoreRelatedInformation Technology Ethics Issues Article Summary874 Words   |  4 Pagesreality are mind-blowing -- and an ethical nightmare. Ethical risks posed by wearable technology, utilizing â€Å"AR† software. Companies like Google are straying away from the once popular Virtual Reality, in favor of what they are calling â€Å"Augmented Reality†, or AR. According to Merriam-Webster, AR is â€Å"an enhanced version of reality created by the use of technology to overlay digital information on an image of something being viewed through a device (as a smartphone camera); also: the technology usedRead MoreEthics And The Ethical Dilemma1252 Words   |  6 PagesAnswer 1) In general, Ethical dilemma occurs in every business field and in every area of work. Now speaking about the ethics in an engineering perspective we generally refers to code of ethics 2010 that was written for Engineers in Australia. But these are basically applied to all employees in engineering field. The four principles to be followed according to code of Ethics 2010 are 1. Demonstrate Integrity. 2. Practice Competently. 3. Exercise Leadership. 4. Promote Sustainability. NowRead MoreEthics in Supply Chain Management2768 Words   |  12 Pagesapply due diligence in supply chain management carefully to solve their unethical situations. Other hand, I will analysis the impact of supply chain issues to Apple’s stakeholder. Thereby proving the importance of applied the Due Diligence in solving ethical issue in supply chain management. 2.0 Introduction Due Diligence in business is term used to evaluate and investigate business opportunities. It describes the general duty to exercise care in all transaction of target company such as inspect andRead MoreEthics in Supply Chain Management2776 Words   |  12 Pagesapply due diligence in supply chain management carefully to solve their unethical situations. Other hand, I will analysis the impact of supply chain issues to Apple’s stakeholder. Thereby proving the importance of applied the Due Diligence in solving ethical issue in supply chain management. 2.0 Introduction Due Diligence in business is term used to evaluate and investigate business opportunities. It describes the general duty to exercise care in all transaction of target company such as inspect andRead MoreEssay on Wireless Electricity14464 Words   |  58 Pages I. Wireless Electricity: Explanation and History 3 II. Political and Legal Influences 10 III. Economic Questions and Considerations 16 IV. Wireless Technology with Today’s Culture 20 V. Ethical Implications of Wireless Power 26 VI. Environmental Impact 30 VII. Bibliography 33 ABSTRACT: Wireless electricity is not a new idea, but it has recently become revitalized. This paperRead MoreHow Does Social Media Affect the Fashion Industry?6099 Words   |  25 Pagesas it took longer for trend cycles to be completed and it hindered the work of designers. This had many good impacts on the fashion industry as there was less pressure on designers to keep up with the current pace of trend cycles and also for manufacturers who had more time to make the products on the same production line rather than creating new templates and moulds more often because of the rapid changes of trends within the industry. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND AIMS The aim of this research is to studyRead MoreSustainability At The Chemical Industry Start Writing Sustainability3395 Words   |  14 Pagesinfrastructure, barcode scanning, two-way radios and business pagers, wireless broadband networks, and RFID solutions to the Government and public safety. Samsung Electronics, the world largest tech nology company, is a major manufacturer of electronic components such as mobile phones and smartphones, tablet and computers, digital cameras and camcorders, printers, televisions and monitors, household appliances, lithium-ion batteries, semiconductors, chips, flash memory and hard drive devices. EVALUATE AND COMPARE:Read MoreApple s Phone Service : Apple Inc. Essay3113 Words   |  13 Pagesin Cupertino, California. The company is concerned with designing, developing, marketing and selling computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers and online services. The company is known for the production Mac computers, iPhone smartphones, iPod media players, Apple Watch smartwatch and iPad tablet computer. Apple incorporation is also concerned with the production of online services such as App Store, iTunes Store, and iCloud. The consumer software of Apple Company includes iOS operatingRead More8 Key Element for a Business Model7314 Words   |  30 PagesTechnology Can Bing Bong Google? Class Discussion Slide 2-16 B2C Models: E-tailer Online  version  of  traditional  retailer Revenue  model:  Sales Variations: Virtual  merchant Virtual merchant Bricks†and†clicks Catalog  merchant C t l h t Manufacturer†direct   Low  barriers  to  entry Slide 2-17 B2C Models: Content Provider Digital  content  on  the  Web News,  music,  video Revenue  models:   Revenue models: Subscription;  pay  per  download  (micropayment);   advertising;  affiliate  referral  fees Read MoreWireless Technology Essay16392 Words   |  66 PagesEmotional Disconnect 45 Worldly Effects 50 Media Influence 51 Impact on Education 52 Impact on USA 54 Environmental Implications 55 Implications for Wireless Technology 56 Wireless Waste 56 Analysis 59 Health Concerns 59 Moral and Ethical Implications 61 Conclusion 64 Works Cited 67 Introduction to Wireless Technology (Wenclewicz) You just awoke and looked out your window, and to your surprise, your car is covered with 5 inches of snow. You have to leave for work in 40

The Themes Of African Americans - 967 Words

African Americans spirituals were religious songs that were sung by the African Americans during work, rest, play and church. These songs were of great importance to the African Americans. Singing these spirituals helped them escape the everyday hardships of slavery even if it was just for a moment. Each spiritual had its own meaning but overall, I think that the central meaning of the spirituals was encoded communication. These spirituals were used mainly to talk about escape plans and routes. The spirituals used biblical names to speak of the everyday people around them. The encoded messages about escape were part of the central meaning of these spirituals. I do not think that the spirituals were overall political. My opinion differs in the sense that I think the spirituals were a genius way to communicate with their in-group. The messages in the spirituals were what they needed in order to escape to the freedom that they deserved all along. First, I will give examples of the encod ed messages within the spirituals that used biblical names to reference every day people. Then, I will give examples of the communication of escape. Together these both represent the central meaning of encoded communication. While writing and singing the spirituals, the African Americans were not able to use the actual names or positions of the people they were enslaved by. This was because it would give away the messages of their songs. One way of encoding that I read about , was usingShow MoreRelatedThemes Of The African Americans Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesThe history of the African-Americans is full of struggles, but the heroic acts of many great figures, institutions, and organizations made it possible to overcome the struggles. Facing and overcoming the struggles both portrayed many themes. Among the various themes, integrationism, black nationalism, and transformationalism were the three main themes portrayed throughout the history of the African-Americans even from the beginning of slavery. The integrationism theme simply refers to the unitedRead MoreThe Themes Of African American Literature1345 Words   |  6 PagesWithin African American Literature, there are many themes that are relatable across many different forms of media. Paintings, for example, can have similar and contradictory themes to those that are used in African American Literature. Like authors with their literature, artists too take from their experiences and opinions and form a creation that is a reflection of what they believe. These creations, both literature and paintings, can contain certain topics that are quite alike. Ellis Wilson, andRead More Racism and African-American Family Breakdown as Themes in Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesIconic Contemporary Themes Displayed: Ernest J. Gainess A Lesson Before Dying I was not there, yet I was there. No, I did not go to the trial, I did not hear the verdict, because I knew all the time what it would be... (3). Ernest J. Gaines begins his contemporary masterpiece with a captivating and explosive first paragraph. Immediately capturing the readers attention, the fast paced novel takes us on a voyage of thematic discovery. Through the voice of Grant Wiggins, a school teacherRead MoreEmergent Themes And Data Supported Findings Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesEmergent Themes and Data Supported Findings Within the aid of the Critical Race Theory, the following themes emerged assisting the study’s research question and purpose. The developing themes are offered by followed data supported key findings, data. Participants were asked to discuss the challenge to dominant ideology, what they perceive as jeopardizing while teaching African American males to read and write. Teachers supplied attributions supporting the three pressing problem themes: 1) lack ofRead MoreInvisible Man Themes924 Words   |  4 PagesIn the earlier 20th century, African-Americans had little to no equality when compared to whites, laws were even made to ensure that African-Americans couldn’t have the same rights that whites had. This idea of segregation and unequal racial power is shown throughout the novel Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, and is also shown within the poems I, Too and Mother to Son, by Langston Hughes. In Ralph Ellison’s literary work we are shown what the cruel results of systematic racism looks like from theRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem Theme From English B 1592 Words   |  7 Pages What Lies Beneath Langston Hughes was an American poet who spent a majority of his life growing up in Cleveland, Ohio as well as Lincoln, Illinois. Hughes was able to travel across the states and to several different countries which allowed him to experience diversity and hardships like poverty and racial discrimination. His teenage years was around the time that he would start to write poetry. The poetry that he wrote throughout his life incorporated Black culture and revealed his deeper viewsRead MoreThe African American Portrayal Of The Film Genre, Big Timers ( 1945 ) And Dirty Gertie From Harlem871 Words   |  4 PagesThe African American portrayal in white-American entertainment, especially in films has produced malicious and ignorant beliefs of the everyday Black person. Entertainment venues such as minstrel shows and silent films are causes to today’s stereotypical views of African Americans. The African American community along with other American ethnic cultures had enough; therefor e, between 1915 and 1950, the race film genre began its movement to increase positive cultural awareness to the world. This paperRead MoreMaya Angelou Poetry942 Words   |  4 Pagesbe the foremost poet of her age. While the themes of her literature are largely connected, her delivery is varied. In her poetry, she has used wit, sarcasm, imagery, and diverse rhythm. Angelou has used these techniques and the recognition it has provided for her, to fight for the civil rights of African Americans and women. After examining the life of Maya Angelou, it is easy to see that much of her work focuses on the significance of African Americans and women. Poems written by Maya Angelou, includingRead MoreRudolph Fisher And Marita Bonner861 Words   |  4 PagesRudolph Fisher and Marita Bonner are African American writers whose contribution to literary writings is highly regarded, having enhanced the themes of life for the African-Americans. A study into their lives, styles, works, and contribut ions to African-American literature helps in revealing the dynamisms in which the general world of literary writings are understood and applied. Reading through the materials both authors have written enables one to assess the similarities and contrasts in theirRead MorePort Chicago 50 Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pagesduring daily life or at their jobs, African Americans are discriminated against. Every single day of their lives they face mass oppression and mistreatment, for their voices are not heard. Therefore, The Port Chicago 50, brown girl dreaming, and Into Forgetfulness share a common theme due to how each character in the story is discriminated. This theme is the mistreatment and inequality of African Americans. In the twentieth century, in both books, African Americans are considered inequal. This inequality

Dreams The American Dream - 1824 Words

Dreams The American dream, for most people, is exactly that – A dream. It’s make believe, fiction. It’s what we think American should be like, not what it actually is. The American dream will always be out of reach for common people. The majority of people I interviewed said something along the lines of, â€Å"the American dream is to be given a chance to do something or be something you want to be.† This opinion seems to be too optimistic. Everyone wants more than what they have. It’s not enough to be given the chance, you have to succeed. What it takes to succeed is an entirely different aspect of the American dream. Succeeding Succeeding is a never ending cycle, like a carousel in constant motion. One must take their chances jumping onto. To make money, you need to have a job. To have a good job, you need and education. To further your education you need money to pay for college. It’s an oxymoron. In the 1950’s sending a child to college would on be 18% of the parent’s annual income. While today it would be 79% of their gross income (mybudget360). In the 50’s, tuition of the University of Pennsylvania was $600 a year compared to the current tuition at $40,000 (2). This supports that anyone attempting to succeed at their version of the American dream, whatever it may be, could ultimately fail because of the massive amount of debt they would be in. Whether they achieve this dream or give up because of the impossible standards. Immigration So, what does it take to become anShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a de gree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the cat† butRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, bot h depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

The Chinese

The Chinese-American architect Ieoh Ming Pei I. Essay The Chinese-American architect Ieoh Ming Pei I. M is known as one of the greatest architects of the Twentieth Century. His long, brilliant career was highlighted by several internationally famous structures. While many of Peis buildings were generally accepted by the public, some of them precipitated fair amounts of controversy. The most notable of these controversial structures is his Glass Pyramid at the entrance of the Louvre in Paris. For these reasons, I. M. Pei seems to be an architect who exhibits interest in the avant-garde through both the creative design and aestheticism of his architecture. Pei was born in China in 1917 and immigrated to the United States in 1935. He originally attended the University of Pennsylvania but grew unconfident in his drawing skills so he dropped out and pursued engineering at MIT. After Pei decided to return to architecture, he earned degrees from both MIT and Harvard. In 1956, after he had taught at Harvard for three years, he established I. M. Pei Partners, an architectural firm that has been known as Pei Cobb Freed Partners since 1989. This firm is famous for its successful and rational solutions to a variety of design problems. They are responsible for many of the largest pubic and private construction projects in the second half of this century. Some of these projects include the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington D. C. , the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library in Boston, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. When French President Francois Mitterand personally selected Mr. Pei in 1983 to design the Grand Louvre to give air, space, and light to one of the worlds most congested museums, Markham, 1989 there were many critics. The press lambasted the idea of shattering the harmony of the Louvres courtyard with a glass iceberg Markham, 1989. But Pei proceeded as planned, taking a major risk in creating a glass pyramid structure at the entrance. He did not focus on what the critics would say about his plans, but hoped that the world would see, upon completion, that his vision of a contemporary, functional entrance would not clash with the Baroque style of the Louvre itself. When the pyramid was completed in 1989, Peis expression of avant-garde art was not entirely accepted. Many critics praised the aspiration with which the architect designed it, but ridiculed many aspects of its functionality: The practical problem is that the Pyramid, once you get inside, is noisy, hot, and disorienting Campbell, 1989. Fortunately, most critics consider it to be architecture made with passion, architecture as sculpture and as three-dimensional geometry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  less then user-friendly, perhaps, but impressive nonetheless Campbell, 1989. Many critics, along with the majority of the Parisian public, had much more positive opinions of the pyramid after its completion. For tourists, the days of searching for the Louvres entrance are over. Its hard to miss the 70-foot transparent pyramid rising gracefully between the museums two main wings. Also, its functionality is appreciated for reducing the distance that visitors once had to walk from one end of the U-shaped Louvre to the other Associated Press, 1989. Looking at the example of Peis glass pyramid it is evident that his work was influenced by Walter Gropius, one of his teachers at Harvard. In particular, Peis mastery of geometrical shapes and talent in working with steel and glass bears resemblance to Gropiuss vision of total architecture that he set forth in the Bauhaus: We want to create . . . n architecture whose function is clearly recognizable in the relation of its form. . . . At the same time the symmetrical relationship of parts of the building . . . is being replaced by a new conception of equilibrium which transmutes this dead symmetry of similar parts into an asymmetrical but rhythmical balance Gardner 1996, p. 1029. The new conception of equilibrium can be considered as the fusion of the Louvres old Baroque style and Peis new renovations. At first glance, this fusion may seem asymmetrical, but from Peis artistic point of view, a rhythmical balance is ultimately achieved. .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe , .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .postImageUrl , .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe , .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:hover , .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:visited , .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:active { border:0!important; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:active , .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5588e13c9b639b9ac1011a882f4b34fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chinese Calligraphy, Painting and History EssayAnother of Peis buildings that stirred up local controversy is the Bank of China Building in Hong Kong. While the geometrically beautiful building stands out as the tallest in the area at 70 stories, its design has been criticized by many citizens of Hong Kong: The buildings four right-angled triangular prisms, placed together to form a long, thin square column topped by twin antennas, have been condemned by many of the territorys superstitious residents United Press International, 1990. Though the citizens of Hong Kong may inhabit one of the highest-tech corners of the planet, they set great store by feng shui, the ancient art, part mysticism, part architecture, of arranging buildings and other objects so that they are in harmony with nature and dictate luck Bremner, 1990. Local residents fear that many spirits have been offended by the skyscrapers notoriously bad feng shui. It is ironic that I. M. Pei is of Chinese origin yet chose as his motif the triangle, which transforms the building as a whole into the very form that brings bad feng shui. This shows that Pei is an artist who is not willing to sacrifice his innovative vision in order to conform to societys or a cultures traditions. This is one of the main characteristics that make him an avant-garde artist. What is of great interest in I. M. Peis work is the fact that his firm has been a temple of modernism, an architectural office in which ornament has been scarce, sleekness has remained sacrosanct, and buildings have been seen as isolated, abstract objects Goldberger, 1989. Because of their cutting-edge uniqueness, the firms projects exhibit qualities of the avant-garde: I. M. Pei Partners distance from the architectural trends of the late 1970s and early 1980s made the firm . . . something of a rallying point for critics who disliked post-modernism Goldberger, 1989. Peis masterful implementation of basic geometric form into the design of his buildings is another point of interest that contributes to his originality. Some critics think that the design of many of Peis buildings are impractical because they either do not seem to meet or even may exceed the spatial needs of the people who visit and work in them. In particular, critics have noticed incredible wasted space in lobbies that grossly exceed human proportion in addition to inflexible arrangement of rooms. I personally think that when one scrutinizes Peis creations, one should not consider them as merely buildings, but as aesthetically beautiful works of art. Another point of debate among critics, which can be essentially pared down to individual taste, is Peis prolific use of geometric shapes. Some feel that he has an inhumane devotion to geometry. Others have felt that he has diluted his art through service to the rich and powerful. . . . but there is no question that Pei has emerged as the most durably creative of American architects working at the grand scale Wiseman 1990, p. 12. Since creativity is one of the main components of the avant-garde, it is evident that Peis work questions what architecture truly is. Upon examining Peis pyramidal entrance to the Louvre and design for the Bank of China building, some may argue that his work can be interpreted as fodder for controversy. Perhaps this was Peis intention. Many artists throughout the ages have shown that one of the greatest ways to achieve recognition is to stir up a controversy. However, it seems unlikely that Peis plans for his future designs were greatly affected by public reaction to his completed structures. As one of the foremost and successful architectural geniuses of the Twentieth Century, I. M. Pei has pushed the envelope of what architecture is: a uniquely personal vision of art physically manifested in a building.